Talk to our experts 1800-120-456-456 NCERT Solutions NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter-Wise Questions & Answers Class 12 Biology requires a strong understanding of concepts along with regular practice of NCERT questions. The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology help you understand the answers, check your approach, and revise important concepts after studying each chapter. You can use these Class 12 Biology NCERT Solutions along with chapter-wise questions, revision notes, and other study resources to identify weak areas and improve your exam preparation. You can also refer to the CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus to track the prescribed chapters and topics. For similar resources across all Class 12 subjects, explore Vedantu’s NCERT Solutions for Class 12 . NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology | Chapter-wise Links Explore NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology with chapter-wise answers to NCERT textbook questions. Use these Class 12 Biology NCERT Solutions to check your answers, revise concepts, and prepare for the CBSE board exam. Chapter-wise Links for NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 1 - Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Solutions Chapter 2 - Human Reproduction Solutions Chapter 3 - Reproductive Health Solutions Chapter 4 - Principles of Inheritance and Variation Solutions Chapter 5 - Molecular Basis of Inheritance Solutions Chapter 6 - Evolution Solutions Chapter 7 - Human Health and Disease Solutions Chapter 8 - Microbes in Human Welfare Solutions Chapter 9 - Biotechnology Principles and Processes Solutions Chapter 10 - Biotechnology and Its Applications Solutions Chapter 11 - Organisms and Populations Solutions Chapter 12 - Ecosystem Solutions Chapter 13 - Biodiversity and Conservation Solutions Chapter-wise NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology - Free PDF Download Class 12 Biology becomes easier to prepare when you study each chapter, practise the NCERT questions, and review your answers along the way. Vedantu’s NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology provide clear chapter-wise explanations to help you understand textbook questions, clear doubts, and revise important concepts. You can access the NCERT Biology Class 12 Solutions PDF for each chapter and use them for regular practice and CBSE exam preparation. These Class 12 Biology chapter-wise solutions also help you check your approach while solving Biology Class 12 questions and answers. Explore the CBSE Class 12 Biology Solutions chapter-wise below. Chapter 1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants This chapter focuses on the sexual reproduction in flowering plants along with the structure, morphology, and processes, including pollination, seed development, and fruit formation. It further elaborates on concepts like pre-fertilization: Structure and Events, Port fertilization: Structure and Events, Double fertilization, Polyembryony, and Apomixis. This chapter is very important for Class 12 Boards as it holds a substantial weightage. The important topics that are covered in NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 1 are: Sexual reproduction in flowering plants Sexual reproduction in flowering plants Structure and morphology of flowering plants Structure and morphology of flowering plants Pre-fertilization, double fertilization, and post-fertilization events in flowering plants Pre-fertilization, double fertilization, and post-fertilization events in flowering plants Explore Study Materials for Class 12 Chapter 1 - Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Important Links for Class 12 Chapter 1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Chapter 1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Revision Notes Chapter 1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Important Questions Chapter 1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Exemplar Solutions Chapter 2: Human Reproduction In the Human Reproduction chapter, the reproductive events in humans are discussed. This includes gametogenesis (the formation of gametes). Humans become sexually mature after reaching puberty. The reproductive events related to males and females are different. You will be able to examine these differences in this chapter. The sub-topics discussed in this chapter include the female reproductive system, the male reproductive system, fertilization and implantation, menstrual cycle, gametogenesis, embryonic development and pregnancy, lactation, and parturition. This chapter is important for the Class 12 examination and explains the human reproduction system with diagrams and illustrations in a detailed manner. The important topics from NCERT Class 12 Chapter 2 Biology are: Reproductive structures Reproductive structures Male and female reproductive systems Male and female reproductive systems Role of sex hormones Role of sex hormones Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis Explore Study Materials for Class 12 Chapter 2 - Human Reproduction Important Links for Class 12 Chapter 2 Human Reproduction Chapter 2: Human Reproduction Important Questions Chapter 2: Human Reproduction Exemplar Solutions Chapter 2: Human Reproduction Revision Notes Chapter 3: Reproductive Health The previous chapters covered the human reproductive system as well as its functions. In this chapter, a closely related topic is discussed - Reproductive Health. Reproductive health refers to the healthy reproductive organs and their normal functions. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines reproductive health as the total well-being in every aspect of reproduction which includes physical, behavioral, social, and emotional. This chapter will cover subtopics like Reproductive Health - Problems and Strategies, Birth Control, Population Explosion, Medical Termination of Pregnancy, Infertility, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, etc. The important topics covered under this chapter that are important for Class 12 boards are as follows: Significance of reproductive health Significance of reproductive health Infant mortality Infant mortality Maternal mortality Maternal mortality Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually Transmitted Diseases Population Explosion and birth control Population Explosion and birth control Explore Study Materials for Class 12 Chapter 3 - Reproductive Health Important Links for Class 12 Chapter 3 Reproductive Health Chapter 3: Reproductive Health Important Questions Chapter 3: Reproductive Health Revision Notes Chapter 3: Reproductive Health NCERT Exemplar Solutions Chapter 4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation Genetics is one of the many branches of Biology. It deals with inheritance and the variance of characters in offspring from their parents. The inheritance process involves the characters passed on from the parents to their progeny. In this chapter, concepts like Mendel’s different Laws of Inheritance, Sex Determination, Inheritance of One Gene or Two Genes, Genetic Disorders, and Mutation are discussed in detail. Through this chapter, students will be able to understand the concept of genetics and evolution. It will teach you sex determination by chromosomes and how parental traits are inherited by their offspring. The important topics covered under NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 4 are: Mendel’s law of inheritance Mendel’s law of inheritance Inheritance of one gene Inheritance of one gene Inheritance of two genes Inheritance of two genes Genetic disorders Genetic disorders Explore Study Materials for Class 12 Chapter 4 - Principles of Inheritance and Variation Important Links for Class 12 Chapter 4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation Chapter 4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation NCERT Exemplar Solutions Chapter 4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation Important Questions Chapter 4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation Revision Notes Chapter 5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance The previous chapters have covered the inheritance patterns as well as the genetic basis of these patterns. During the time of Mendel, the factors that regulated the inheritance pattern were unclear. However, over the next century, the investigation of the nature of putative genetic material saw great strides. It led to the realization that Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) is the genetic material for most organisms. Class XI syllabus covered that nucleic acids were polymers of nucleotides. This chapter will cover concepts like the DNA, RNA World, Search for Genetic Materia, Genetic Code, Transcription, Replication, Translation, Human Genome Project, DNA Fingerprinting, and Regulation of Gene Expression. The important topics covered under NCERT Class 12 Chapter 5 are as follows: Structure of DNA and polynucleotide chain Structure of DNA and polynucleotide chain Packaging of DNA helix Packaging of DNA helix Properties of DNA Properties of DNA Regulation of gene expression Regulation of gene expression Process of replication, transcription, and translation Process of replication, transcription, and translation Human genome project Human genome project Explore Study Materials for Class 12 Chapter 5 - Molecular Basis of Inheritance Important Links for Chapter 5 Class 12 Molecular Basis of Inheritance Chapter 5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance NCERT Exemplar Solutions Chapter 5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance Important Questions Chapter 5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance Revision Notes Chapter 6: Evolution Evolution explores the history and gradual development of life on Earth. This chapter covers important concepts such as the origin of life, evidence for evolution, adaptive radiation, mechanisms of evolution, biological evolution, the Hardy-Weinberg principle, and the origin and evolution of humans. Understanding these concepts helps build a clear foundation for answering questions related to evolutionary processes. The important topics covered in this chapter are as follows: Evolution of life forms Evolution of life forms Biodiversity on Earth Biodiversity on Earth Hardy Weinberg Principle Hardy Weinberg Principle Explore Study Materials for Class 12 Chapter 6 - Evolution Important Links for Class 12 Chapter 6 Evolution Chapter 6: Evolution Important Questions Chapter 6: Evolution Revision Notes Chapter 6: Evolution NCERT Exemplar Solutions Chapter 7: Human Health and Diseases NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 7 will help the students to know about some common diseases in humans and their prevention. Health can be Affected by: Genetic Disorders - Conditions with which a child is born or defects or deficiencies they inherit from their parents. Genetic Disorders - Conditions with which a child is born or defects or deficiencies they inherit from their parents. Lifestyle - Habits that we have, water and food that we consume, exercise and rest that we take. Lifestyle - Habits that we have, water and food that we consume, exercise and rest that we take. This chapter will explore topics like Common Diseases in Humans, Drugs, Cancer, AIDS, Alcohol Abuse, and Immunity. Explore Study Materials for Class 12 Chapter 7 - Human Health and Diseases Important Links for Chapter 7: Human Health and Diseases Chapter 7: Human Health and Diseases Important Questions Chapter 7: Human Health and Diseases Revision Notes Chapter 7: Human Health and Diseases NCERT Exemplar Solutions Chapter 8: Microbes in Human Welfare Apart from macroscopic animals and plants, biological systems have another major component known as microbes. In previous classes, students learned about living organisms and their diversity. Microbes are a diverse group that include bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and microscopic plant and animal viruses. Microbes like many fungi and bacteria can grow on nutritive media and form colonies that are visible to the naked eye. These cultures are very useful while studying microorganisms. In this chapter, topics like Microbes in Industrial Products, Microbes in Household Products, Microbes in Biogas Production, Microbes in Sewage Treatment, Microbes as Biofertilizers, and Microbes in Biocontrol Agents are explained thoroughly. NCERT Class 12 Biology Chapter 8 is important to learn about various diseases which are caused by microbes. Along with this, the chapter also focuses on some of the microbes which are harmless and beneficial to humans. Explore Study Materials for Class 12 Chapter 8 - Microbes in Human Welfare Important Links for Class 12 Chapter 8 Microbes in Human Welfare Chapter 8: Microbes in Human Welfare Important Questions Chapter 8: Microbes in Human Welfare Revision Notes Chapter 8: Microbes in Human Welfare NCERT Exemplar Solutions Chapter 9: Biotechnology Principles and Processes Biotechnology is a field that deals with the process of using enzymes from organisms or live organisms for producing processes and products that are useful to humans. According to the definition provided by the European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) , biotechnology encompasses traditional views as well as modern molecular biotechnology. It is the integration of organisms, cells, and molecular analogues and natural science for services and products. This chapter will cover concepts like Principles of Biotechnology, Recombinant DNA Technology tools and processes, etc. Explore Study Materials for Class 12 Chapter 9 - Biotechnology Principles and Processes Important Links for Class 12 Chapter 9 Biotechnology and Principles

Chapter 9: Biotechnology Principles and Processes Important Questions Chapter 9: Biotechnology Principles and Processes Revision Notes Chapter 9: Biotechnology Principles and Processes NCERT Exemplar Solutions Chapter 10: Biotechnology and Its Application In the previous chapters, there were concepts covering the industrial-scale production of biologicals and biopharmaceuticals using genetically modified animals, plants, fungi, and microbes. This chapter covers the applications of biotechnology, including diagnostics, therapeutics, genetically modified crops used for agriculture, waste treatment, energy production, bioremediation, and processed food. It also includes concepts like Biotechnical Applications in Medicine and Agriculture, Transgenic Animals, Ethical Issues, etc. Explore Study Materials for Class 12 Chapter 10 - Biotechnology and its Application Important Links for Class 12 Chapter 10: Biotechnology and Its Application Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Application Important Questions Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Application Revision Notes Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Application NCERT Exemplar Solutions Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations The previous chapters have covered that Ecology involves studying how organisms interact with one another, other organisms, and the physical environment. This chapter involves discussions on biological organization’s four levels - organisms, populations, biomes, and communities. The Ecology at the population and organismic levels are explained in detail. It also includes concepts like Organisms and their Environment and Populations. Explore Study Materials for Class 12 Chapter 11 - Organisms and Populations Important Links for Class 12 Chapter 11 Organisms and Populations Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Important Questions Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations Revision Notes Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations NCERT Exemplar Solutions Chapter 12: Ecosystem An Ecosystem can be considered as nature's functional unit where organisms live and interact with each other as well as the surrounding physical environment. The Ecosystem chapter will begin with discussing the ecosystem structure. This will help in understanding the input, transfer of energy, and output. Next comes the relationships that are created because of the energy flows in the system and the inter-relationship, including webs, chains, and cycles. The chapter covers subtopics like Structure and Function of Ecosystem, Decomposition, productivity, Energy Flow, Ecological Succession, Ecological Pyramids, Ecosystem Services, and Nutrient Cycling. Explore Study Materials for Class 12 Chapter 12 - Ecosystem Important Links for Class 12 Chapter 12 Ecosystem Chapter 12: Ecosystem Important Questions Chapter 12: Ecosystem Revision Notes Chapter 12: Ecosystem NCERT Exemplar Solutions Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Conservation The Biodiversity and Conservation chapter covers topics like Species diversity, Genetic diversity, Ecological Diversity, Patterns of Diversity, Loss of Biodiversity, Different types of Species, Biodiversity Conservation, etc. The conservation of Biodiversity might be in situ or ex-situ. In the case of situ conservation, the species that are endangered receive protection in their natural habitat in order to ensure the protection of the entire ecosystem. In ex-situ conservation, the threatened species are protected in botanical gardens and zoological parks through cryopreservation of gametes, tissue culture propagation, and in vitro fertilization. The important topics covered in this chapter are: Importance and significance of biodiversity Importance and significance of biodiversity Types of Biodiversity Types of Biodiversity Evolution, degradation, and conservation Evolution, degradation, and conservation Genetic diversity Genetic diversity Species diversity Species diversity Latitudinal gradients Latitudinal gradients Species area relationship Species area relationship Causes of biodiversity losses Causes of biodiversity losses In-situ conservation and ex-situ conservation In-situ conservation and ex-situ conservation Explore Study Materials for Class 12 Chapter 13 - Biodiversity and Conservation Important Links for Class 12 Chapter Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Conservation Important Questions Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Conservation Revision Notes Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Conservation NCERT Exemplar Solutions CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus Course Structure 2026-27 Reproduction: Chapters – 1, 2 and 3 Genetics and Evolution: Chapters – 4 and 5, 6 Biology and Human Welfare: Chapters – 7 and 8 Biotechnology and its Applications: Chapters – 9 and 10 Ecology and Environment Chapters 11, 12 and 13 CBSE Class 12 Biology NCERT Solutions 2026-27 - Benefits of NCERT Solutions CBSE Class 12 Biology NCERT Solutions have its own advantages when it comes to preparing the students of CBSE Class 12 Biology: CBSE Class 12 Biology NCERT Solutions have its own advantages when it comes to preparing the students of CBSE Class 12 Biology: It Is useful for quick revision of all the chapters before exams. It Is useful for quick revision of all the chapters before exams. It gives an in-depth understanding of complex topics covered in the syllabus. It gives an in-depth understanding of complex topics covered in the syllabus. It helps to achieve good grades in exams. It helps to achieve good grades in exams. The solutions are designed by experts as per the CBSE latest guidelines. The solutions are designed by experts as per the CBSE latest guidelines. They are available online on Vedantu’s official website free of cost. They are available online on Vedantu’s official website free of cost. CBSE Class 12 Biology NCERT Solutions 2026-27 - Extra Questions for Practice What is Sponge’s asexual reproductive structure? What is Sponge’s asexual reproductive structure? Monohybrid cross involves independent assortment. True or false? Monohybrid cross involves independent assortment. True or false? What is the difference between the Menstrual cycle and the Oestrus cycle? What is the difference between the Menstrual cycle and the Oestrus cycle? Explain the following: Explain the following: What is the development process for microspores in angiosperms? What is the development process for microspores in angiosperms? What is the hormone that women produce during pregnancy? What is the hormone that women produce during pregnancy? What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance? What is the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance? Name the scientist who rediscovered Mendel’s laws. Name the scientist who rediscovered Mendel’s laws. What will happen when YyRr is crossed with a wrinkled pea plant? Explain with a diagram. What will happen when YyRr is crossed with a wrinkled pea plant? Explain with a diagram. What is mutagen? Explain using an example. What is mutagen? Explain using an example. Define menarche. Define menarche. Draw a diagram of the seminiferous tubule and label it. Draw a diagram of the seminiferous tubule and label it. Which fallopian tube’s part is closest to the ovary? Which fallopian tube’s part is closest to the ovary? After fertilisation, what happens to Synergids? After fertilisation, what happens to Synergids? Draw anatropous ovule and label its parts. Draw anatropous ovule and label its parts. What is the difference between geitonogamy, autogamy, and xenogamy? What is the difference between geitonogamy, autogamy, and xenogamy? What do we call the gamete mother cells present in diploid organisms? What do we call the gamete mother cells present in diploid organisms? What is the cross-pollination process in plants? What is the cross-pollination process in plants? Related Important Links for CBSE Class 12 Biology Important Links for Class 12 Biology CBSE Class 12 Biology Important Questions NCERT Class 12 Biology Exemplar Solutions CBSE Class 12 Biology Revision Notes NCERT Books for Class 12 Biology CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Biology CBSE Class 12 Biology Previous Year Question Paper CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus NCERT Class 12 Biology Solutions are available for free access, helping students work through textbook questions, clear doubts, and strengthen their understanding of important concepts. The detailed Class 12 Biology NCERT Solutions also support thorough chapter-wise revision and exam preparation. 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Where can I find NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology? You can find NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology with chapter-wise answers and explanations on Vedantu. These solutions help you understand NCERT questions, clear doubts, and revise important concepts. 2. Can I download the NCERT Biology Class 12 Solutions PDF? Yes, the NCERT Biology Class 12 Solutions PDF is available on Vedantu for convenient access. Students can use the chapter-wise PDFs to practise NCERT textbook questions, understand key concepts, and revise effectively at their own pace. 3. What do Class 12 Biology chapter-wise solutions include? Class 12 Biology chapter-wise solutions include answers to NCERT textbook questions with clear explanations. They help you understand each chapter, check your answers, and prepare important topics for the exam. 4. How are CBSE Class 12 Biology Solutions useful for exam preparation? CBSE Class 12 Biology Solutions help you understand NCERT-based questions, revise key concepts, and improve answer-writing skills. Using them alongside the NCERT textbook can make chapter-wise revision more effective. 5. Where can I practise Biology Class 12 questions and answers? You can practise Biology Class 12 questions and answers from NCERT textbook exercises and use their solutions to check your answers. Regular practice helps identify doubts and strengthen your preparation for the CBSE Biology exam. 6. What is the toughest chapter in Biology Class 12? The difficulty varies by student, but chapters such as Molecular Basis of Inheritance, Principles of Inheritance and Variation, and Biotechnology may need more practice. 7. What is a solution in Class 12 NCERT Biology? It is a detailed answer to NCERT textbook questions. NCERT Biology Class 12 Solutions help students check answers, clear doubts, and revise concepts. 8. What is Chapter 3 of Biology Class 12? Chapter 3 is Human Reproduction. It covers reproductive systems, gametogenesis, the menstrual cycle, fertilisation, pregnancy, and related processes. 9. Is Class 12 Biology tough? Class 12 Biology is manageable with regular NCERT-based study, concept revision, and practice of Biology Class 12 questions and answers. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 CBSE Class12 Study Materials Important Update